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¨çFigure 6.2 also captures another important methodological contrast, the distinction between descriptive and normative policy analysis. ¨èDescriptive policy analysis parallels descriptive decision theory, which refers to a set of logically consistent propositions that describe action. ¨éDescriptive decision theories may be tested against observations obtained through monitoring and forecasting. ¨êDescriptive theories, models, and conceptual frameworks originate for the most part in political science, sociology, social psychology, and so-called "positive economics." ¨ëThe main function of these theories, models, and frameworks is to explain, understand, and predict policies by identifying patterns of causality. ¨ìThe principal function of approaches to monitoring such as field experimentation and quasi-experimentation is to establish the approximate validity of causal inferences relating policies to their presumed outcomes. ¨íIn Figure 6.2, the descriptive form of policy analysis can be visualized as an axis moving from the lower left (monitoring) to upper right (forecasting).
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